I'm seeing crashes in the latest Py3.7 when I run this test (taken from lxml's compatibility test suite):

    etree = xml.etree.ElementTree

    def test_feed_parser_error_position(self):
        ParseError = etree.ParseError
        parser = XMLParser()
        try:
            parser.close()
        except ParseError:
            e = sys.exc_info()[1]
            self.assertNotEqual(None, e.code)
            self.assertNotEqual(0, e.code)
            self.assertTrue(isinstance(e.position, tuple))
            self.assertTrue(e.position >= (0, 0))

It crashes in expat/xmlparse.c, line 1464:

1459      for (;;) {
1460        BINDING *b = bindings;
1461        if (!b)
1462          break;
1463        bindings = b->nextTagBinding;
1464        FREE(b->uri);        // <<<<<<<<<<<<<<< crashes here
1465        FREE(b);
1466      }
1467    }

Probably related to the new expat version (issue 31170).

I can't reproduce a crash. Could you please provide a Python script?

Sorry, wrong line number. Was using an installed Py3.7, not a fresh build. However, my crashing installed version is from September 1st, *before* the expat update, which was apparently on September 5th.

With a clean debug build, I get a reproducible crash during shutdown, now with the correct line number:

Program received signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
PyExpat_XML_ParserFree (parser=0xd01a20) at .../Modules/expat/xmlparse.c:1487
1487        tagList = tagList->parent;
(gdb) p taglist
No symbol "taglist" in current context.
(gdb) list
1482            break;
1483          tagList = freeTagList;
1484          freeTagList = NULL;
1485        }
1486        p = tagList;
1487        tagList = tagList->parent;
1488        FREE(p->buf);
1489        destroyBindings(p->bindings, parser);
1490        FREE(p);
1491      }
(gdb) bt
#0  PyExpat_XML_ParserFree (parser=0xd01a20) at Modules/expat/xmlparse.c:1487
#1  0x00007fffeec83517 in xmlparser_gc_clear (self=0x7fffeeeb75d8) at Modules/_elementtree.c:3414
#2  xmlparser_dealloc (self=0x7fffeeeb75d8) at Modules/_elementtree.c:3435
#3  0x000000000041fd40 in frame_dealloc (f=0xd017c8) at Objects/frameobject.c:428
#4  0x000000000044f5e5 in tb_dealloc (tb=0x7ffff632d218) at Python/traceback.c:56
#5  0x000000000049c59d in BaseException_clear (self=0x7ffff6567dd8) at Objects/exceptions.c:78
#6  SyntaxError_clear (self=0x7ffff6567dd8) at Objects/exceptions.c:1381
#7  0x0000000000458104 in delete_garbage (old=<optimized out>, collectable=<optimized out>) at Modules/gcmodule.c:759
#8  collect (generation=generation@entry=2, n_collected=n_collected@entry=0x7fffffffd6c8, n_uncollectable=n_uncollectable@entry=0x7fffffffd6d0, nofail=nofail@entry=0) at Modules/gcmodule.c:911
#9  0x0000000000458d2b in collect_with_callback (generation=2) at Modules/gcmodule.c:1020
#10 PyGC_Collect () at Modules/gcmodule.c:1507
#11 0x0000000000439aaf in Py_FinalizeEx () at Python/pylifecycle.c:1002
#12 0x000000000043b3d8 in Py_Exit (sts=sts@entry=0) at Python/pylifecycle.c:1953
#13 0x000000000043f4e8 in handle_system_exit () at Python/pythonrun.c:608
#14 0x000000000043f94d in handle_system_exit () at Python/pythonrun.c:635
#15 PyErr_PrintEx (set_sys_last_vars=set_sys_last_vars@entry=1) at Python/pythonrun.c:618
#16 0x000000000043fc4a in PyErr_Print () at Python/pythonrun.c:514
#17 0x0000000000441475 in PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags (fp=fp@entry=0x9dc050, filename=<optimized out>, closeit=closeit@entry=1, flags=flags@entry=0x7fffffffd8e0) at Python/pythonrun.c:407
#18 0x0000000000441633 in PyRun_AnyFileExFlags (fp=fp@entry=0x9dc050, filename=<optimized out>, closeit=closeit@entry=1, flags=flags@entry=0x7fffffffd8e0) at Python/pythonrun.c:83
#19 0x000000000045666c in run_file (p_cf=0x7fffffffd8e0, filename=0x9973d0 L"test.py", fp=0x9dc050) at Modules/main.c:341
#20 Py_Main (argc=argc@entry=6, argv=argv@entry=0x996020) at Modules/main.c:895
#21 0x000000000041fa2b in main (argc=6, argv=<optimized out>) at ./Programs/python.c:102

I get it in lxml's test suite runs, will try to reduce it to a test script.

Minimal reproducer seems to be this:
----------
import xml.etree.ElementTree as etree

def test():
    parser = etree.XMLParser()
    try:
        parser.close()
    except etree.ParseError as exc:
        e = exc  # must keep local reference!

test()
----------

The master gitrev I tested is 132a7d7cdbc7cb89fa1c1f4e8192241c3d68f549

Since this happens during GC and finalisation, it's quite possible that it's not a bug in ET per se. It might just be a prematurely cleared reference in some tp_clear(), or something like that. (Changing ticket title appropriately.)

I confirm the crash using attached bug1.py (first example, completed) and bug2.py (second example).

Thanks for confirming, Victor.
I hadn't realised that the first update of expat was already back in June. That means it's not ruled out yet as a source of this crash. Bisecting is probably a good idea.

The bug is at this line:

Breakpoint 6, xmlparser_gc_clear (self=0x7ffff7e28c08) at /home/haypo/prog/python/master/Modules/_elementtree.c:3414


static int
xmlparser_gc_clear(XMLParserObject *self)
{
    EXPAT(ParserFree)(self->parser);   // <--- HERE
    ...
}

This function calls XML_ParserFree() twice on the same parser object. The first call is fine and frees the memory. Since we now use Python memory allocators, XML_ParserFree() fills the freed memory with 0xDB byte pattern (when Python is in debug mode).

The second XML_ParserFree() call uses freed memory (filled with 0xDB in debug mode).

Call 1: a GC collection

Breakpoint 6, xmlparser_gc_clear (self=0x7ffff7e28c08) at /home/haypo/prog/python/master/Modules/_elementtree.c:3414
(gdb) up
#1  0x0000000000446636 in delete_garbage (collectable=0x7fffffffd9a0, old=0x9b8f90 <_PyRuntime+432>) at Modules/gcmodule.c:759
(gdb) up
#2  0x0000000000446ade in collect (generation=2, n_collected=0x7fffffffda30, n_uncollectable=0x7fffffffda28, nofail=0) at Modules/gcmodule.c:911
(gdb) cont
Continuing.


Call 2: xmlparser_dealloc()

Breakpoint 6, xmlparser_gc_clear (self=0x7ffff7e28c08) at /home/haypo/prog/python/master/Modules/_elementtree.c:3414
(gdb) up
#1  0x00007ffff0038cb8 in xmlparser_dealloc (self=0x7ffff7e28c08) at /home/haypo/prog/python/master/Modules/_elementtree.c:3435


IMHO it's an obvious bug in Python. The question is more why/how the code didn't crash before? :-)

Python 2.7 is not affected because it doesn't implement tp_clear (it doesn't have xmlparser_gc_clear()), only xmlparser_dealloc() calls EXPAT(ParserFree)(self->parser).

I'm unable to reproduce the bug in Python 3.5 nor 3.6.

bug2.py creates a reference cycle the "except etree.ParseError as exc: e = exc  # must keep local reference!" which requires to trigger a garbage collection to clear the "parser" variable.

> The question is more why/how the code didn't crash before? :-)

Typical case of a Schroedinbug.

>> The question is more why/how the code didn't crash before? :-)
>
> Typical case of a Schroedinbug.

I don't believe in the chaos :-)

I ran a "git bisect" since January 1st, 2017. Attached bug2.py started to crash since the following commit related to bpo-29049.
---
5a625d0aa6a6d9ec6574ee8344b41d63dcb9897e is the first bad commit
commit 5a625d0aa6a6d9ec6574ee8344b41d63dcb9897e
Author: INADA Naoki <songofacandy@gmail.com>
Date:   Sat Dec 24 20:19:08 2016 +0900

    Issue #29049: Call _PyObject_GC_TRACK() lazily when calling Python function.
    
    Calling function is up to 5% faster.
---

This change is also correct. It's more that the change showed a bug which was hidden before.

It's just that now the garbage collector breaks the reference cycle differently since frames tracked differently by the GC.

Attached PR 3641 fixes bug1.py and bug2.py crashes.

Sadly, I failed to write a reliable unit test using bug2.py. The bug requires to trigger the garbage collector in a specific order which depends on how frames are tracked by the GC...

def test_issue31499(self):
    def test():
        ...
    test()
    test.support.gc_collect()

Serhiy Storchaka: I tried your pattern, but failed to write a reliable unit test. Can you please write a full patch / test?

test_issue31499.diff: Oh great, it works (to reproduce the crash). I modified your test and included it in my PR, I added you as a co-author of my PR ;-)

New changeset e727d41ffcd91b21ce82026ec8c8381d34a16209 by Victor Stinner in branch 'master':
bpo-31499, xml.etree: Fix xmlparser_gc_clear() crash (#3641)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/e727d41ffcd91b21ce82026ec8c8381d34a16209

New changeset 8afd7ab12d7f8915b549cf04af384b495ec73d22 by Victor Stinner (Miss Islington (bot)) in branch '3.6':
[3.6] bpo-31499, xml.etree: Fix xmlparser_gc_clear() crash (GH-3641) (#3645)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/8afd7ab12d7f8915b549cf04af384b495ec73d22

The bug is now fixed in Python 3.6 and master. Thanks for the bug report and analysis, Stefan Behnel!