The socket module has a custom timeout exception "socket.timeout". The exception is documented https://docs.python.org/3/library/socket.html#socket.timeout as :

> A subclass of OSError, this exception is raised when a timeout occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to settimeout() (or implicitly through setdefaulttimeout()).

It's a distinct exception type and not the same as the global TimeoutError.

>>> import socket
>>> socket.timeout == TimeoutError
False

I like to follow the example of the deprecated "socket.error", replace the custom exception and make it an alias of TimeoutError. The risk is minimal. Both exceptions are subclasses of OSError.

The change would not only make exception handling more consistent. It would also allow me to simplify some code in ssl and socket C code. I might even be able to remove the socket CAPI import from _ssl.c completely.

New changeset 03c8ddd9e94c7bddf1f06cf785027b8d2bf00ff0 by Christian Heimes in branch 'master':
bpo-42413: socket.timeout is now an alias of TimeoutError (GH-23413)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/03c8ddd9e94c7bddf1f06cf785027b8d2bf00ff0

There are also other distinct exceptions:

   multiprocessing.TimeoutError
   concurrent.futures.TimeoutError
   asyncio.TimeoutError

Thanks Serhiy!

Andrew, Antoine, Yury, do you want to replace the custom Timeout exceptions in asyncio, multiprocessing, and concurrent with global TimeoutError, too?

In futures and asyncio TimeoutError has no errno.

I'm not sure should we care but I consider it as a show stopper.

On another hand, two distinct timeout classes confuse people. I had many conversions about this during the aiohttp support.  asyncio can raise both TimeoutError and asyncio.TimeoutError which is... unexpected at least.

PyErr_SetString(PyErr_TimeoutError, "msg") and raise TimeoutError("msg") do not set any additional exception attributes. errno, strerror, filename, and filename2 are None:

>>> try:
...     raise TimeoutError("msg")
... except Exception as e:
...     err = e
... 
>>> err
TimeoutError('msg')
>>> (err.errno, err.filename, err.filename2, err.strerror)
(None, None, None, None)

Is that a problem?

Perhaps it is a good compromise.
OSError-derived class without errno looks getter to me that different incompatible TimeoutError classes.

How many exceptions inherited from OSError have no errno set? Do we have a precedent in stdlib at all already?

Yes, I think this is a problem. It is expected that an instance of OSError has valid errno. OSError is a merge of several old exception types, some of them did have errno, and others did not.

Maybe add BaseTimeoutError and make TimeoutError a subclass of BaseTimeoutError and OSError?

There as also several CancelledError, and exceptions with similar names and purpose, like asyncio.IncompleteReadError and http.client.IncompleteRead.

They have an errno attribute, it's just to None by default. You have to call OSError with multiple arguments to set errno to a non-None value.

I know that I just create OSError() with errno set to None.

My question is: has the standard library such code examples already?
In other words, how many third-party code will be broken by catching OSError with errno=None?

I fixed many instantiations of OSError subclasses, but many are still left in Python code.

Thus using bare TimeoutError in asyncio is safe, isn't it?
This is good news!

There is another option: The subclasses of OSError could set a correct errno automatically.

This is a good idea. Writing IsADirectoryError(errno.EISDIR, os.strerror(errno.EISDIR), filename) is boring.

IMHO it's ok that exc.errno is None. It doesn't prevent to write code like:

except OSError as exc:
    if exc.errno == ...:
        ...
    else:
        ...

In the early days (first 5 years? :-D) of the asyncio documentation, TimeoutError was documented just as "TimeoutError", instead of "asyncio.TimeoutError". So if you followed carefully the asyncio documentation and wrote "except TimeoutError:", the except would never be reached beause asyncio.TimeoutError is *not* a subclass of the builtin Timeout...

>>> issubclass(asyncio.TimeoutError, TimeoutError)
False

It would be great to have a single TimeoutError class. I'm fine with having weird attributes depending who raise the exception. Honestly, in most cases "except TimeoutError:" is enough: there is no need to check for exception attributes.

I see this issue as a follow-up of PEP 3151 which started to uniformize IOError, OSError and many variants that we had in Python 2.

socket.timeout was introduced as a subclass of TimeoutError according to:
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-3151/#new-exception-classes

In Python 3.9, socket.timeout and TimeoutError are subclasses of OSError but are different. I agree that it was confusion.

Pull Request https://github.com/python/cpython/pull/23520/ applies the discussed change to both asyncio and concurrent.futures.

I did the minimally invasive change, libraries still use `asyncio.TimeoutError` and `concurrent.futures.TimeoutError` internally but both names are aliases now.

Andrew, could you please rebase your PR and get it submitted?

New changeset da4b214304df38cf1831071804a2b83938f95923 by Kumar Aditya in branch 'main':
bpo-42413: Replace `concurrent.futures.TimeoutError` and `asyncio.TimeoutError` with builtin `TimeoutError` (GH-30197)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/da4b214304df38cf1831071804a2b83938f95923

Done.
Thanks, Kumar!