------------ current state ------------
Due to the implementation of socket_htons (in Modules/socketmodule.c), in case the received integer does not fit in 16-bit unsigned integer, but does fit in a positive C int, it is silently truncated to 16-bit unsigned integer (before converting to network byte order):
>>> import socket
>>> hex(socket.htons(0x1234))
'0x3412'
>>> hex(socket.htons(0x81234))
'0x3412'
>>> hex(socket.htons(0x881234))
'0x3412'
>>> hex(socket.htons(0x8881234))
'0x3412'
>>> hex(socket.htons(0x88881234))
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
OverflowError: Python int too large to convert to C long
>>>

Likewise, socket.ntohs has the same silent truncation feature, due to the implementation of socket_ntohs.

ISTM this silent truncation feature has the potential to conceal nasty bugs, and I guess it is rarely used in purpose.

With regard to relevant changes made in the past:
    * The silent truncation was there since the two functions were first added, in changeset 3673 (https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/f6ace61c3dfe).
    * A check whether the received integer is negative was added (to each of the two functions) in changeset 40632 (https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/6efe3a4b10ac), as part of #1635058.
    Note the lack of discussion in #1635058 and #1619659 about backward compatibility. It might suggest that Guido didn't hesitate to make the change, even though at the time, the four conversion functions (socket.htons, socket.ntohs, socket.htonl and socket.ntohl) were already in the wild for 10 years.


------------ proposed changes ------------
    1. In Modules/socketmodule.c, raise a DeprecationWarning before silently truncating the received integer. In Python 3.8, replace the DeprecationWarning with an OverflowError.

    2. In Lib/test/test_socket.py, add tests to verify a DeprecationWarning is raised as expected.

    3. In Doc/library/socket.rst, add a description of the silent truncation feature, and declare it is deprecated.


------------ diff ------------
The proposed patches diff file is attached.

(I wasn't sure you would approve deprecating a feature that was in the wild for so long, but I implemented it anyway, as it was quite simple.)


------------ tests ------------
I ran 'python_d.exe -m test -j3' (on my 64-bit Windows 10) with and without the patches, and got quite the same output. (That also means my new tests in test_socket passed.)
The outputs of both runs are attached.

Looks reasonable. ntohl() and htonl() already raise an exception if the argument exceeds 32 bit. Added comments on Rietveld.

Thanks for the review :)
I changed some stuff, according to your comments (and replied to one comment in Rietveld).
Version2 diff and test output are attached.

New changeset 3da460ca854b by Serhiy Storchaka in branch 'default':
Issue #28332: Deprecated silent truncations in socket.htons and socket.ntohs.
https://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/3da460ca854b

Thank you for you contribution Oren.

Rules for promotion unsinged integers to signed integers are not simple. I changed PyLong_FromLong() to PyLong_FromUnsignedLong() for the clarity.