It looks like the server is refusing requests that don't have an ALPN extension set in TLS layer. At first I though that the server may only support HTTP/2. The curl requests in your examples uses HTTP/2. urllib only supports HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0.

Then I tried "curl --http1.1 https://jitsi.molgen.mpg.de". The request also succeeds because curl is sending "ALPN, offering http/1.1".

This request works for me:

>>> import ssl
>>> import urllib.request
>>> ctx = ssl.create_default_context()
>>> ctx.set_alpn_protocols(['http/1.1'])
>>> urllib.request.urlopen('https://jitsi.molgen.mpg.de', context=ctx)
<http.client.HTTPResponse object at 0x6040009b7960>

urllib could set the ALPN header by default when the user does not supply a custom context. It looks like curl always adds an ALPN extension. I don't see code in Python requests that sets ALPN extension. On the other hand Tom Christie's excellent httpx library does set ALPN extension just like curl.