Multiple steps happens at once here, first the list is extended, then the result is written back to the tuple, at which point it raises TypeError because you can't write to a tuple. When TypeError is raised, the list has already be extended. The code is equivalent to:


a = ([],)
try:
    b = a[0]
    b += [1]
    a[0] = b
except TypeError:
    assert a != ([1],)  # assertion fails
else:
    assert a == ([1],)


This is explained in the documentation at https://docs.python.org/3/reference/simple_stmts.html#augmented-assignment-statements:


An augmented assignment expression like x += 1 can be rewritten as x = x + 1 to achieve a similar, but not exactly equal effect. In the augmented version, x is only evaluated once. Also, when possible, the actual operation is performed in-place, meaning that rather than creating a new object and assigning that to the target, the old object is modified instead.

Unlike normal assignments, augmented assignments evaluate the left-hand side before evaluating the right-hand side. For example, a[i] += f(x) first looks-up a[i], then it evaluates f(x) and performs the addition, and lastly, it writes the result back to a[i].