If you pass shell=True, PWD gests set, because it is a shell variable and the shell sets it.  If you don't, it doesn't, just like all the other shell-maintained variables.  I'm not sure it is worth calling out specifically in the Popen docs, myself; it is one consequence among *many* of calling a program directly rather than through a shell.  (Note that if a shell is involved at any point, PWD gets set, so it is only binary programs that require that they be called from a shell that are at issue.)

Furthermore, it is not obvious that even all shells set PWD, although I believe that most do.