The behavior of !s with the format() methods isn't exactly the same as %s with % formatting. With the latter, the conversion depends on the type of the result string, which in turn depends on whether the format string *or any of the values values* is unicode:

    >>> class X():
        def __str__(self): return "str"
        def __unicode__(self): return u"unicode"

    >>> "%s %s" % ("foo", X())
    'foo str'
    >>> "%s %s" % (u"foo", X())
    u'foo unicode'
    >>> u"%s %s" % ("foo", X())
    u'foo unicode'
    >>> u"%s %s" % (u"foo", X())
    u'foo unicode'

The format methods are more consistent, always returning the same type as the format string regardless of the types of the arguments (and using the appropriate converter):

    >>> "{} {!s}".format("foo", X())
    'foo str'
    >>> "{} {!s}".format(u"foo", X())
    'foo str'
    >>> u"{} {!s}".format("foo", X())
    u'foo unicode'
    >>> u"{} {!s}".format(u"foo", X())
    u'foo unicode'

The documentation for %s conversion (in the second table here: https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting-operations ) also suggests that it always uses str(), though the footnote for that table entry alludes to the behavior shown above without ever mentioning using unicode() for conversions explicitly.