Given a docker container on raspbian 10.11
based on bullseye:

docker run --rm -it --entrypoint sh python:3.10-slim

time.time() fails with error

# python
Python 3.10.0 (default, Nov 18 2021, 00:56:34) [GCC 10.2.1 20210110] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import time
>>> time.time()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
PermissionError: [Errno 1] Operation not permitted

based on buster:

docker run --rm -it --entrypoint sh python:3.10-slim-buster

# python
Python 3.10.0 (default, Nov 18 2021, 02:00:41) [GCC 8.3.0] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import time
>>> time.time()
1638433441.9555993
>>> exit()
#

works as expected

time.time() is a wrapper for libc function call clock_gettime() with CLOCK_REALTIME. This is either a problem with the container build or a Kernel ABI issue between the container build and your operating system.

I suggest that you report the issue to https://github.com/docker-library/python . The Dockerhub Python image is not maintained by us.