> Will this close https://bugs.python.org/issue36077 ?

No, not directly, although I'm going to close that issue as "won't fix".

But you can specify that the child class requires all params as kw_only. Continuing the example:

>>> @dataclass(kw_only=True)
... class Child(Parent):
...   y: int
...
>>> Child(0, y=1)
Child(x=0, y=1)