That python.exe stub being there may be the reason it doesn't appear to do anything. If you aren't fully up to date on preview builds (which is likely), then running it with any arguments will silently exit.

If you run it just as "python.exe" then it will pop open the Microsoft Store to the Python installation there. However, if you're hitting "insufficient resource" errors already then this may also fail.

First I'd make sure you've installed all updates and rebooted your machine. If there's a problem at that point, it's likely to be the cause of other issues.

If it all seems fine, installing from the Microsoft Store might be an option that works for you. (Installing that will also replace the stubs you found, or you can just disable them through the UI you posted. Rest assured, they aren't impacting the installer downloaded from python.org.)