_asdict_inner attempts to manually recursively deepcopy dicts by calling type(obj) with a generator of transformed keyvalue tuples @ https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/b2f642ccd2f65d2f3bf77bbaa103dd2bc2733734/Lib/dataclasses.py#L1080 . defaultdicts are dicts so this runs but unlike other dicts their first arg has to be a callable or None:

    import collections
    import dataclasses as dc

    @dc.dataclass()
    class C:
        d: dict

    c = C(collections.defaultdict(lambda: 3, {}))
    d = dc.asdict(c)

    assert isinstance(d['d'], collections.defaultdict)
    assert d['d']['a'] == 3

=>

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "boom.py", line 9, in <module>
        d = dc.asdict(c)
      File "/Users/spinlock/.pyenv/versions/3.7.1/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py", line 1019, in asdict
        return _asdict_inner(obj, dict_factory)
      File "/Users/spinlock/.pyenv/versions/3.7.1/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py", line 1026, in _asdict_inner
        value = _asdict_inner(getattr(obj, f.name), dict_factory)
      File "/Users/spinlock/.pyenv/versions/3.7.1/lib/python3.7/dataclasses.py", line 1058, in _asdict_inner
        for k, v in obj.items())
    TypeError: first argument must be callable or None

I understand that it isn't this bit of code's job to support every dict (and list etc.) subclass under the sun but given defaultdict is stdlib it's imo worth supporting explicitly.