To reproduce the problem on any system where Python is built with configure:

$ mkdir -p tmp/build tmp/install
$ cd tmp
$ hg clone https://hg.python.org/cpython cpython
$ cd build
$ $(cd ../cpython && pwd)/configure --prefix=$(cd ../install && pwd) && make install
$ ../install/bin/python3 -m test -v test_sysconfig
[snip]
======================================================================
FAIL: test_srcdir (test.test_sysconfig.TestSysConfig)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/path_to/tmp/install/lib/python3.6/test/test_sysconfig.py", line 346, in test
_srcdir
    self.assertTrue(os.path.isdir(srcdir), srcdir)
AssertionError: False is not true : /path_to/tmp/install/lib/python3.6/config-3.6m

======================================================================
FAIL: test_get_makefile_filename (test.test_sysconfig.MakefileTests)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/path_to/tmp/install/lib/python3.6/test/test_sysconfig.py", line 414, in test
_get_makefile_filename
    self.assertTrue(os.path.isfile(makefile), makefile)
AssertionError: False is not true : /path_to/tmp/install/lib/python3.6/config-3.6m/Makefile

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 21 tests in 0.063s

FAILED (failures=2, skipped=2)
test test_sysconfig failed
test_sysconfig failed
1 test failed:
    test_sysconfig
Total duration: 0:00:01