As discussed on python-ideas: https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2016-February/038354.html

The rules are: 
Underscores are allowed anywhere in numeric literals, except:

* at the beginning of a literal (obviously)
* at the end of a literal
* directly after a dot (since the underscore could start an attribute name)
* directly after a sign in exponents (for consistency with leading signs)
* in the middle of the "0x", "0o" or "0b" base specifiers

Currently this only touches literals, not the inputs of int() or float().  Whether they should accept this syntax is debatable (I'd vote no).

Otherwise missing: doc updates.

Review question: is PyMem_RawStrdup/RawFree the right API to use here?