WASM cannot handle function calls with bad function pointer casts yet. Hood Chatham explained the issue in Pyodide patch https://github.com/pyodide/pyodide/blob/0.19.1/cpython/patches/0001-call-trampolines-to-handle-fpcast-troubles.patch

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The wasm call_indirect instruction takes a function signature as an immediate
argument (an immediate argument is one which is determined statically at compile
time). The web assembly runtime checks at runtime that the function pointer we
are attempting to call has a signature which matches the asserted function
signature, if they don't match, the runtime traps with "indirect call signature
mismatch". The codegen provided by default by the emscripten toolchain produces
an ABI that also has this constraint.

By contrast, typical native ABIs handle function pointer casts very gracefully:
extra arguments are ignored, missing arguments are filled in as 0, even wrong
return values are completely fine.

The Python ecosystem is full of code which contain function pointer casts.
Emscripten offers a second "EMULATE_FPCASTS" ABI that fixes many of these
issues, but it shims in the function pointer cast support in a binaryen pass
that happens on the fully linked wasm module. At this point, lots of information
has been destroyed and as a result the only possible solutions are extremely
costly in run time, stack space, and code size.

We wish to avoid these costs. Patching the packages is prohibitively time
consuming and boring, especially given our limited developer effort. I have
explored making automated detection tools, and these work. However, getting
these tools included into the CI of Python ecosystem packages would be
prohibitively time consuming.

There is a best of both worlds solution. It is possible to define an ABI which
allows for specific types of function pointer casts with neglible costs. I hope
to do this in future work. However, this will require custom llvm passes.
Because llvm is implemented in C++ which has very poor ABI compatibility, this
means our whole toolchain needs to be built against the same version of llvm,
from llvm all the way down to binaryen and the wasm binary toolkit.

In the meantime, most bad function pointer calls happen in a small number of
locations. Calling a function pointer from Javascript has no restrictions on
arguments. Extra arguments can be provided, arguments can be left off, etc with
no issue (this mimics Javascript's typical function call semantics). So at the
locations where the bad calls occur, we patch in a trampoline which calls out to
Javascript to make the call for us. Like magic, the problem is gone. Research
shows that the performance cost of this is surprisingly low too.
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Bad function pointer casts lead to fatal runtime errors like this:

worker.js onmessage() captured an uncaught exception: RuntimeError: function signature mismatch
RuntimeError: function signature mismatch
at create_builtin (<anonymous>:wasm-function[3512]:0x14f6df)
at _imp_create_builtin (<anonymous>:wasm-function[3520]:0x14fe1d)
at cfunction_vectorcall_O (<anonymous>:wasm-function[1871]:0x91e84)
at _PyVectorcall_Call (<anonymous>:wasm-function[839]:0x4e220)
at _PyObject_Call (<anonymous>:wasm-function[842]:0x4e4f5)
at PyObject_Call (<anonymous>:wasm-function[843]:0x4e595)
at _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault (<anonymous>:wasm-function[3114]:0x120541)
at _PyEval_Vector (<anonymous>:wasm-function[3115]:0x1229ab)
at _PyFunction_Vectorcall (<anonymous>:wasm-function[845]:0x4e6ca)
at object_vacall (<anonymous>:wasm-function[859]:0x4f3d0)
worker sent an error! undefined:undefined: function signature mismatch

I propose to include the downstream patch from Pyodide but make the call trampoline feature opt-in. An opt-in allows Pyodide to use the trampolines in production while we can test core and 3rd party modules without the trampoline easily.

New changeset 581c443 by Christian Heimes in branch 'main':
bpo-47162: Add call trampoline to mitigate bad fpcasts on Emscripten (GH-32189)
581c443

Note that there are still Python test suite failures in emscripten without these trampolines enabled, for instance test_imp fails. The only trampoline needed to pass the core test suite is _PyImport_InitFunc_TrampolineCall.

Interesting, can you pin point the buggy function pointer? If you link with -gsource-map and deploy the map file, your browser should give you a decent stack trace.

I'm having trouble pinpointing the bad function pointer because chrome cuts off the end of the wasm file with:

;; .... text is truncated due to size

Maybe I should follow the directions here, since this is a consistent nuisance.
https://www.diverto.hr/en/blog/2020-08-15-WebAssembly-limit/
I have a stack trace but the key info of what function is being called is missing. If chrome didn't truncate the wasm I could figure out what the callee is too.

I looked into this before at some point and IIRC the issue is that one initialization code path hands the Init function a spec but the a different path doesn't give it the spec. It wasn't obvious how to fix the problem.

As an update, building the chrome devtools with the wasm limit set to 12Mb following that guide worked fantastic. Highly recommend it. (Though there are a few paths that are out of date, I had to consult google's devtools docs.)

The problem is that PyInit_imp_dummy takes a spec argument which it ignores. Then the test calls it without a spec.

Minimized trigger:

import importlib
import imp
spec = importlib.util.find_spec('_testmultiphase')
imp.load_dynamic("test.imp_dummy", spec.origin)

Causes RuntimeError: null function or function signature mismatch

Actually, I think the _PyImport_InitFunc trampoline call is only there as a work around for the problematic test_imp and test_import Python tests. I don't know of any third party code with a problem there.