Since Python 3.7, it's possible to load the atexit module more than once:

commit 776407f
Author: Marcel Plch <gmarcel.plch@gmail.com>
Date: Wed Dec 20 11:17:58 2017 +0100

bpo-31901: atexit callbacks should be run at subinterpreter shutdown (bpo-4611)

Change atexit behavior and PEP-489 multiphase init support.

Each new import executes the module which overrides PyInterpreterState.pyexitfunc with _Py_PyAtExit().

Example:
---

import sys

atexit1 = sys.modules.pop('atexit', None)
if atexit1 is None:
    import atexit as atexit1
    del sys.modules['atexit']

import atexit as atexit2

atexit1.register(print, "atexit1 callback")
atexit2.register(print, "atexit2 callback")

Output:
---
atexit2 callback
---

Either PyInterpreterState should support a list of exit functions, or atexit should raise an exception if it's loaded more than once.

call_ll_exitfuncs() calls a list of functions: _PyRuntimeState.exitfuncs. But these functions are called at the end of Py_Finalize(), whereas atexit functions are called after calling threading._shutdown() in Py_Finalize() and Py_EndInterpreter().

I will take a look :)

I created bpo-40600: "Add an option to disallow creating more than one instance of a module".

@vstineer
I'd like to update PR 19562 not to create more than one instance.
if the PR is updated, would you like to review this PR?

I would prefer a more generic solution, if possible:

bpo-40600: "Add an option to disallow creating more than one instance of a module".

Fixed by bpo-42639.