This request is motivated in detail here:
python/peps#883 (comment)

In short: in C, when you have a Py_buffer, you can directly read the memory in whatever order you want (including physical order). It is not possible in pure Python, though. Somewhat unintuitively, memoryview.tobytes() as well as bytes(memoryview) read bytes in *logical* order, even though it flattens the dimensions and doesn't keep the original type. Logical order is different from physical order for Fortran-contiguous arrays.

One possible way of alleviating this would be to offer a memoryview.transpose() method, similar to the Numpy transpose() method (see https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.transpose.html).

One could also imagine a memoryview.to_c_contiguous() method.

Or even: a memoryview.raw_memory() method, that would 1) flatten dimensions 2) cast to 'B' format 3) keep physical order.

Yes, it's modeled after NumPy's tobytes():

>>> x = np.array(list(range(6)), dtype="int8").reshape(2,3)
>>> x.tobytes()
b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05'
>>> x.T.tobytes()
b'\x00\x03\x01\x04\x02\x05'
>>> 
>>> 
>>> memoryview(x).tobytes()
b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05'
>>> memoryview(x.T).tobytes()
b'\x00\x03\x01\x04\x02\x05'

I guess the reason is that without a type it's easier to serialize the logical array by default, so you can always assume C when you read back.

NumPy also has an 'F' parameter though that flips the order:

>>> x.tobytes('F')
b'\x00\x03\x01\x04\x02\x05'

It would be possible to add this to memoryview as well.

raw_bytes() is also possible of course. I assume it would do nothing and just dump the memory.

Or tobytes('F') AND tobytes('raw').

Well, raw_memory() would avoid a copy, which is useful.

As for tobytes(), if we want to follow NumPy, we can have 'F' mean if F-contiguous, 'C' otherwise:

>>> a = np.arange(12, dtype='int8').reshape((3,4))                                                                             
>>> a.tobytes('A')                                                                                                             
b'\x00\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\t\n\x0b'
>>> a.tobytes('A') == a.T.tobytes('A')                                                                                         
True

Sorry, my fingers slipped. Let me try again:

As for tobytes(), if we want to follow NumPy, we can have 'A' mean 'F' if F-contiguous, 'C' otherwise: [...]

Yes, following NumPy looks like the sanest option for tobytes(), so I
went ahead and implemented that signature.

memory.raw() is of course complicated by the fact that things like
m[::-1] move buf.ptr to the end of the buffer.

So we'd need to restrict to contiguous views anyway, which makes
the method less appealing (IOW, it doesn't offer more than an
augmented memoryview.cast()).

So we'd need to restrict to contiguous views anyway, which makes
the method less appealing (IOW, it doesn't offer more than an
augmented memoryview.cast()).

Yes, it would probably be a simpler way of writing .cast('B', shape=(...), order='A').

New changeset d08ea70 by Stefan Krah in branch 'master':
bpo-35845: Add order={'C', 'F', 'A'} parameter to memoryview.tobytes(). (bpo-11730)
d08ea70

Sorry if I'm just misunderstanding the discussion here. Would it make sense to have an order keyword argument to cast as well? This seems useful when interpreting a flatten F-order bytes object (say on the receiving end of a transmission).