import crypt

Expected result:
>>> crypt.crypt("test") == crypt.crypt("test")
False
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt()) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt())
False

Unexpected results:
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
True
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt(crypt.METHOD_SHA512)) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt(crypt.METHOD_SHA512))
False

import crypt

Expected result:
>>> crypt.crypt("test") == crypt.crypt("test")
False
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt()) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt())
False

Unexpected results:
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
True
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt(crypt.METHOD_SHA512)) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt(crypt.METHOD_SHA512))
True

You guessed it, the salt is "$6"

I can't reproduce this result. Does your os.urandom() broken and return a short repeated sequence?

Apparently it's a Mac issue. My crypt.methods only contains [<crypt.METHOD_CRYPT>] which is probably why this fails. It's a silent failure of some sort that is causing this.

The crypt module is a thin wrapper around the OS' crypt(3) function. The function should return NULL for unsupported salt types. The module turns NULL into None.

What's the return value of crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512) ?

Python 3.6.4 (default, Mar 22 2018, 23:35:12)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 9.0.0 (clang-900.0.39.2)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import crypt
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'

Also:
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$5")
'$5yVOkTkyRzn.'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$6")
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$7")
'$7tSOkvDyiL6U'

So the salt is "$6"

> What's the return value of crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512) 

This is from my Mac (10.13.3):

$ python3.6
Python 3.6.4 (v3.6.4:d48ecebad5, Dec 18 2017, 21:07:28)
[GCC 4.2.1 (Apple Inc. build 5666) (dot 3)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import crypt
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.METHOD_SHA512)
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$5")
'$5yVOkTkyRzn.'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$6")
'$6asQOJRqB1i2'
>>> crypt.crypt("test", "$7")
'$7tSOkvDyiL6U'
>>> crypt.crypt("test") == crypt.crypt("test")
False
>>> crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt()) == crypt.crypt("test", crypt.mksalt())
False

$ ./bin/python3
Python 3.8.0a0 (heads/master:55966f3a0d, Apr  2 2018, 18:16:13)
[Clang 9.1.0 (clang-902.0.39.1)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import crypt
>>> crypt.methods
[<crypt.METHOD_CRYPT>]

As far as I know macOS does not support different salt types at all. The manpage does mention an "extended crypt", but according to the documentation that just controls the number of DES rounds used.

In particular:

    The salt is a 9-character array consisting of an underscore, followed by 
    4 bytes of iteration count and 4 bytes of salt.  These are encoded as
    printable characters, 6 bits per character, least significant character
    first.  The values 0 to 63 are encoded as ``./0-9A-Za-z''.  This allows 
    24 bits for both count and salt.


If anything needs to change it would have to be a macOS specific patch to the _crypt extension that rejects any attempt of using algorithm selection (but that's technically a backward incompatible change as)