trying to execute the following code:
import sys
def trace(frame, event, arg):
    if event == "line" and frame.f_lineno > 12:
        frame.f_lineno = 12
        return None
    return trace
sys.settrace(trace)
def error():
    try:
        pass
    except:
        pass
    pass
    pass
error()
Produces a fatal error:
Fatal Python error: XXX block stack underflow

Current thread 0x00000af4 (most recent call first):
  File "jumpintoexception.py", line 12 in error
  File "jumpintoexception.py", line 15 in <module>

You will need to use `dis` to see what actually done by bytecode.


$ ./python -m dis tests.py

Disassembly of <code object error at 0x7fbb69da5340, file "tests.py", line 8>:
  9           0 SETUP_EXCEPT             4 (to 6)

 10           2 POP_BLOCK
              4 JUMP_FORWARD            12 (to 18)

 11     >>    6 POP_TOP
              8 POP_TOP
             10 POP_TOP

 12          12 POP_EXCEPT
             14 JUMP_FORWARD             2 (to 18)
             16 END_FINALLY

 14     >>   18 LOAD_CONST               0 (None)
             20 RETURN_VALUE


this is the actual bytecode in `error()`.

When the eval loop hit the line 9, it will perform bytecode `SETUP_EXCEPT`, thus push a block into the blockstack. 
Your code in trace wrote that `and frame.f_lineno > 12`, thus it will run line 12 and perform POP_EXCEPT to pop out the blockstack.

then goto line 13, catch by trace if statement, f_lineno changed to 12, and perform `POP_EXCEPT` again, there isn't any block inside the blockstack, thus it will get a "XXX block stack underflow".

issue 17288 is related.

This is fixed in 3.8.

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "issue30953.py", line 15, in <module>
    error()
  File "issue30953.py", line 14, in error
    pass
  File "issue30953.py", line 14, in error
    pass
  File "issue30953.py", line 4, in trace
    frame.f_lineno = 12
ValueError: can't jump into or out of a 'finally' block

... with a bad error message, because there are no finally blocks in the code

New changeset 397466dfd905b5132f1c831cd9dff3ecc40b3218 by Serhiy Storchaka in branch 'master':
bpo-30953: Improve error messages and add tests for jumping (GH-6196)
https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/397466dfd905b5132f1c831cd9dff3ecc40b3218

This seems resolved.