It looks like there's a problem examining ``.tar`` files with no entries:

```
$ # ==================================================================
$ # Extract test cases (attached to this bug report)
$ tar xpvf tarfail.tar.bz2
x tarfail/
x tarfail/tarfail.py
x tarfail/test.tar
x tarfail/test.tar.bz2
$ cd tarfail
$ # ==================================================================
$ # Note that test.tar.bz2 is just test.tar, but bzip2'ed:
$ bzip2 -c test.tar | openssl dgst -sha256 ; openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar.bz2
f4fad25a0e7a451ed906b76846efd6d2699a65b40795b29553addc35bf9a75c8
SHA256(test.tar.bz2)= f4fad25a0e7a451ed906b76846efd6d2699a65b40795b29553addc35bf9a75c8
$ wc -c test.tar*  # these are not empty files
   10240 test.tar
      46 test.tar.bz2
   10286 total
$ tar tpvf test.tar  # no entries
$ tar tpvf test.tar.bz2  # no entries
$ # ==================================================================
$ # test.tar.bz2 works, but test.tar causes problems (tested in 2.7,
$ # 3.5, and 3.6):
$ python2.7 tarfail.py
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar.bz2
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_next (__main__.TestTarFileNext)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "tarfail.py", line 29, in test_next
    next_info = tar_file.next()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py", line 2350, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.005s

FAILED (errors=1)
$ python3.5 tarfail.py
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar.bz2
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_next (__main__.TestTarFileNext)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "tarfail.py", line 29, in test_next
    next_info = tar_file.next()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.5/lib/python3.5/tarfile.py", line 2273, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
OSError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.066s

FAILED (errors=1)
$ python3.6 tarfail.py
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar.bz2
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_next (__main__.TestTarFileNext)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "tarfail.py", line 29, in test_next
    next_info = tar_file.next()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.6/lib/python3.6/tarfile.py", line 2279, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
OSError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.090s

FAILED (errors=1)
```

Here's the issue (as far as I can tell):

```
$ ipdb tarfail.py
> /…/tarfail/tarfail.py(3)<module>()
      2
----> 3 from __future__ import (
      4     absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals,

ipdb> b /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py:2350
Breakpoint 1 at /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py:2350
ipdb> c
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar.bz2
> /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py(2350)next()
   2349         if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
1> 2350             self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
   2351             if not self.fileobj.read(1):

ipdb> self.fileobj
<bz2.BZ2File object at 0x1067791d0>
ipdb> self.offset, self.fileobj.tell(), self.offset - 1
(0, 512, -1)
ipdb> c
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar
> /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py(2350)next()
   2349         if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
1> 2350             self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
   2351             if not self.fileobj.read(1):

ipdb> self.fileobj
<open file u'/…/tarfail/test.tar', mode 'rb' at 0x10676dae0>
ipdb> self.offset, self.fileobj.tell(), self.offset - 1
(0, 512, -1)
ipdb> c
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_next (__main__.TestTarFileNext)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "tarfail.py", line 29, in test_next
    next_info = tar_file.next()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py", line 2350, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 38.300s

FAILED (errors=1)
The program exited via sys.exit(). Exit status: True
> /…/tarfail/tarfail.py(3)<module>()
      2
----> 3 from __future__ import (
      4     absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals,

ipdb> EOF
```

Apparently, ``bz2.BZ2File`` allows seeking to pre-0 (negative) values, whereas more primitive files are not so forgiving. The offending line looks like it can be traced back to this commit:

https://github.com/python/cpython/blame/2.7/Lib/tarfile.py#L2350
https://github.com/python/cpython/blame/3.3/Lib/tarfile.py#L2252
https://github.com/python/cpython/blame/3.4/Lib/tarfile.py#L2252
https://github.com/python/cpython/blame/3.5/Lib/tarfile.py#L2273
https://github.com/python/cpython/blame/3.6/Lib/tarfile.py#L2286

(My apologies for not catching this sooner.)

FWIW, the (offending) fix for #24259 was introduced (e.g., in 2.7) via 2.7.10. I've verified that 2.7.9 works as expected:

```
$ python -V
Python 2.7.9
$ python tarfail.py
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar.bz2
opening /…/tarfail/test.tar
.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.010s

OK
```

So this should probably be considered a regression.

I'm not sure if it helps at this point, but I've tried several "flavors" of apparently legit tar files with zero entries. All fail.

``tarfile`` module:

```
$ ( set -x ; cd /tmp || exit 1 ; python -V ; rm -fv test.tar ; python -c 'import os, tarfile ; fd = os.open("test.tar", os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL) ; f = os.fdopen(fd, "w") ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar", "w", f) ; f.close() ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()' ; openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar ; rm -fv test.tar )
+/bin/zsh:496> cd /tmp
+/bin/zsh:496> python -V
Python 2.7.13
+/bin/zsh:496> rm -v -fv test.tar
+/bin/zsh:496> python -c 'import os, tarfile ; fd = os.open("test.tar", os.O_WRONLY | os.O_CREAT | os.O_EXCL) ; f = os.fdopen(fd, "w") ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar", "w", f) ; f.close() ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()'
okay so far; calling f.next()...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py", line 2350, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument
+/bin/zsh:496> openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar
SHA256(test.tar)= 84ff92691f909a05b224e1c56abb4864f01b4f8e3c854e4bb4c7baf1d3f6d652
+/bin/zsh:496> rm -v -fv test.tar
test.tar
```

BSD tar (OS X):

```
$ ( set -x ; cd /tmp || exit 1 ; tar --version ; rm -fv test.tar ; tar -cf test.tar -T /dev/null ; python -c 'import tarfile ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()' ; openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar ; rm -fv test.tar )
+/bin/zsh:499> cd /tmp
+/bin/zsh:499> tar --version
bsdtar 2.8.3 - libarchive 2.8.3
+/bin/zsh:499> rm -v -fv test.tar
+/bin/zsh:499> tar -cf test.tar -T /dev/null
+/bin/zsh:499> python -c 'import tarfile ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()'
okay so far; calling f.next()...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py", line 2350, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument
+/bin/zsh:499> openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar
SHA256(test.tar)= 5f70bf18a086007016e948b04aed3b82103a36bea41755b6cddfaf10ace3c6ef
+/bin/zsh:499> rm -v -fv test.tar
test.tar
```

GNU tar (OS X via MacPorts):

```
( set -x ; cd /tmp || exit 1 ; gnutar --version ; rm -fv test.tar ; gnutar -cf test.tar -T /dev/null ; python -c 'import tarfile ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()' ; openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar ; rm -fv test.tar )
+-zsh:23> cd /tmp
+-zsh:23> gnutar --version
tar (GNU tar) 1.29
Copyright (C) 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

Written by John Gilmore and Jay Fenlason.
+-zsh:23> rm -v -fv test.tar
+-zsh:23> gnutar -cf test.tar -T /dev/null
+-zsh:23> python -c 'import tarfile ; f = tarfile.open("test.tar") ; print("okay so far; calling f.next()...") ; f.next()'
okay so far; calling f.next()...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py", line 2350, in next
    self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
IOError: [Errno 22] Invalid argument
+-zsh:23> openssl dgst -sha256 test.tar
SHA256(test.tar)= 84ff92691f909a05b224e1c56abb4864f01b4f8e3c854e4bb4c7baf1d3f6d652
+-zsh:23> rm -v -fv test.tar
test.tar
```

The discussion from #24259 does not appear to contemplate this case, and seems to imply an assumption that there will be at least one entry (which is not always the case).

This patch (also attached) seems to address this particular use case:

```
--- a/Lib/tarfile.py	2016-12-17 12:41:21.000000000 -0800
+++ b/Lib/tarfile.py	2017-03-10 12:23:34.000000000 -0800
@@ -2347,7 +2347,7 @@
 
         # Advance the file pointer.
         if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
-            self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
+            self.fileobj.seek(max(self.offset - 1, 0))
             if not self.fileobj.read(1):
                 raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
 
```

However, I am unfamiliar with the code, especially in light of #24259, and haven't tested it thoroughly. Oversight is needed.

After some consideration, I think this is probably more correct:

```
--- /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/tarfile.py  2016-12-17 12:41:21.000000000 -0800
+++ tarfile.py  2017-03-10 14:57:15.000000000 -0800
@@ -2347,9 +2347,10 @@

         # Advance the file pointer.
         if self.offset != self.fileobj.tell():
-            self.fileobj.seek(self.offset - 1)
+            self.fileobj.seek(max(self.offset - 1, 0))
             if not self.fileobj.read(1):
                 raise ReadError("unexpected end of data")
+            self.fileobj.seek(self.offset)

         # Read the next block.
         tarinfo = None
```

But again, I'm no expert here.