>>> import pathlib
>>> pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar').relative_to('C:/Foo')
PureWindowsPath('Bar')
>>> pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar').relative_to('C:/foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/serhiy/py/cpython/Lib/pathlib.py", line 797, in relative_to
    .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: 'C:\\Foo\\Bar' does not start with 'C:\\foo'
>>> pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar').relative_to('c:/Foo')
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/home/serhiy/py/cpython/Lib/pathlib.py", line 797, in relative_to
    .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: 'C:\\Foo\\Bar' does not start with 'c:\\Foo'

It also returns strange result when an argument is naked drive:

>>> pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar').relative_to('C:')
PureWindowsPath('//Foo/Bar')

Here is a patch which fixes first bug.

Actually relative_to() returns invalid path object.

>>> import pathlib
>>> p = pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz').relative_to('C:')
>>> p
PureWindowsPath('//Foo/Bar/Baz')
>>> str(p)
'\\\\Foo\\Bar\\Baz'
>>> p.drive
''
>>> p.root
''
>>> p.parts
('\\', 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz')
>>> p.is_absolute()
False
>>> p2 = pathlib.PureWindowsPath(str(p))
>>> p2.drive
'\\\\Foo\\Bar'
>>> p2.root
'\\'
>>> p2.parts
('\\\\Foo\\Bar\\', 'Baz')
>>> p2.is_absolute()
True

Here is a patch which fixes both bugs.

>>> import pathlib
>>> p = pathlib.PureWindowsPath('C:/Foo/Bar/Baz').relative_to('C:')
>>> p
PureWindowsPath('/Foo/Bar/Baz')
>>> str(p)
'\\Foo\\Bar\\Baz'
>>> p.drive
''
>>> p.root
'\\'
>>> p.parts
('\\', 'Foo', 'Bar', 'Baz')

New changeset 763f4416c4fd by Antoine Pitrou in branch 'default':
Issue #19918: Fix PurePath.relative_to() under Windows.
http://hg.python.org/cpython/rev/763f4416c4fd

Thanks! I've tweaked the patch a bit and committed it.

Was this also fixed for Mac OS X?  Mac OS X is also case-insensitive by default, and on Python 3.4.2 I'm getting:

>>> Path("Foo").relative_to("foo")
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/opt/local/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/lib/python3.4/pathlib.py", line 806, in relative_to
    .format(str(self), str(formatted)))
ValueError: 'Foo' does not start with 'foo'

pathlib is case-sensitive under OS X (under any non-Windows platform actually).