"""Thread module emulating a subset of Java's threading model.""" from __future__ import with_statement import sys as _sys try: import thread except ImportError: del _sys.modules[__name__] raise from time import time as _time, sleep as _sleep from traceback import format_exc as _format_exc from collections import deque # Rename some stuff so "from threading import *" is safe __all__ = ['activeCount', 'Condition', 'currentThread', 'enumerate', 'Event', 'Lock', 'RLock', 'Semaphore', 'BoundedSemaphore', 'Thread', 'Timer', 'ReverseSemaphore', 'ReadWriteLock', 'setprofile', 'settrace', 'local', 'stack_size'] _start_new_thread = thread.start_new_thread _allocate_lock = thread.allocate_lock _get_ident = thread.get_ident ThreadError = thread.error del thread # Debug support (adapted from ihooks.py). # All the major classes here derive from _Verbose. We force that to # be a new-style class so that all the major classes here are new-style. # This helps debugging (type(instance) is more revealing for instances # of new-style classes). _VERBOSE = False if __debug__: class _Verbose(object): def __init__(self, verbose=None): if verbose is None: verbose = _VERBOSE self.__verbose = verbose def _note(self, format, *args): if self.__verbose: format = format % args format = "%s: %s\n" % ( currentThread().getName(), format) _sys.stderr.write(format) else: # Disable this when using "python -O" class _Verbose(object): def __init__(self, verbose=None): pass def _note(self, *args): pass # Support for profile and trace hooks _profile_hook = None _trace_hook = None def setprofile(func): global _profile_hook _profile_hook = func def settrace(func): global _trace_hook _trace_hook = func # Synchronization classes Lock = _allocate_lock def RLock(*args, **kwargs): return _RLock(*args, **kwargs) class _RLock(_Verbose): def __init__(self, verbose=None): _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose) self.__block = _allocate_lock() self.__owner = None self.__count = 0 def __repr__(self): return "<%s(%s, %d)>" % ( self.__class__.__name__, self.__owner and self.__owner.getName(), self.__count) def acquire(self, blocking=1): me = currentThread() if self.__owner is me: self.__count = self.__count + 1 if __debug__: self._note("%s.acquire(%s): recursive success", self, blocking) return 1 rc = self.__block.acquire(blocking) if rc: self.__owner = me self.__count = 1 if __debug__: self._note("%s.acquire(%s): initial success", self, blocking) else: if __debug__: self._note("%s.acquire(%s): failure", self, blocking) return rc __enter__ = acquire def release(self): me = currentThread() assert self.__owner is me, "release() of un-acquire()d lock" self.__count = count = self.__count - 1 if not count: self.__owner = None self.__block.release() if __debug__: self._note("%s.release(): final release", self) else: if __debug__: self._note("%s.release(): non-final release", self) def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): self.release() # Internal methods used by condition variables def _acquire_restore(self, (count, owner)): self.__block.acquire() self.__count = count self.__owner = owner if __debug__: self._note("%s._acquire_restore()", self) def _release_save(self): if __debug__: self._note("%s._release_save()", self) count = self.__count self.__count = 0 owner = self.__owner self.__owner = None self.__block.release() return (count, owner) def _is_owned(self): return self.__owner is currentThread() def Condition(*args, **kwargs): return _Condition(*args, **kwargs) class _Condition(_Verbose): def __init__(self, lock=None, verbose=None): _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose) if lock is None: lock = RLock() self.__lock = lock # Export the lock's acquire() and release() methods self.acquire = lock.acquire self.release = lock.release # If the lock defines _release_save() and/or _acquire_restore(), # these override the default implementations (which just call # release() and acquire() on the lock). Ditto for _is_owned(). try: self._release_save = lock._release_save except AttributeError: pass try: self._acquire_restore = lock._acquire_restore except AttributeError: pass try: self._is_owned = lock._is_owned except AttributeError: pass self.__waiters = [] def __enter__(self): return self.__lock.__enter__() def __exit__(self, *args): return self.__lock.__exit__(*args) def __repr__(self): return "" % (self.__lock, len(self.__waiters)) def _release_save(self): self.__lock.release() # No state to save def _acquire_restore(self, x): self.__lock.acquire() # Ignore saved state def _is_owned(self): # Return True if lock is owned by currentThread. # This method is called only if __lock doesn't have _is_owned(). if self.__lock.acquire(0): self.__lock.release() return False else: return True def wait(self, timeout=None): assert self._is_owned(), "wait() of un-acquire()d lock" waiter = _allocate_lock() waiter.acquire() self.__waiters.append(waiter) saved_state = self._release_save() try: # restore state no matter what (e.g., KeyboardInterrupt) if timeout is None: waiter.acquire() if __debug__: self._note("%s.wait(): got it", self) else: # Balancing act: We can't afford a pure busy loop, so we # have to sleep; but if we sleep the whole timeout time, # we'll be unresponsive. The scheme here sleeps very # little at first, longer as time goes on, but never longer # than 20 times per second (or the timeout time remaining). endtime = _time() + timeout delay = 0.0005 # 500 us -> initial delay of 1 ms while True: gotit = waiter.acquire(0) if gotit: break remaining = endtime - _time() if remaining <= 0: break delay = min(delay * 2, remaining, .05) _sleep(delay) if not gotit: if __debug__: self._note("%s.wait(%s): timed out", self, timeout) try: self.__waiters.remove(waiter) except ValueError: pass else: if __debug__: self._note("%s.wait(%s): got it", self, timeout) finally: self._acquire_restore(saved_state) def notify(self, n=1): assert self._is_owned(), "notify() of un-acquire()d lock" __waiters = self.__waiters waiters = __waiters[:n] if not waiters: if __debug__: self._note("%s.notify(): no waiters", self) return self._note("%s.notify(): notifying %d waiter%s", self, n, n!=1 and "s" or "") for waiter in waiters: waiter.release() try: __waiters.remove(waiter) except ValueError: pass def notifyAll(self): self.notify(len(self.__waiters)) def Semaphore(*args, **kwargs): return _Semaphore(*args, **kwargs) class _Semaphore(_Verbose): # After Tim Peters' semaphore class, but not quite the same (no maximum) def __init__(self, value=1, verbose=None): assert value >= 0, "Semaphore initial value must be >= 0" _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose) self.__cond = Condition(Lock()) self.__value = value def acquire(self, blocking=1): rc = False self.__cond.acquire() while self.__value == 0: if not blocking: break if __debug__: self._note("%s.acquire(%s): blocked waiting, value=%s", self, blocking, self.__value) self.__cond.wait() else: self.__value = self.__value - 1 if __debug__: self._note("%s.acquire: success, value=%s", self, self.__value) rc = True self.__cond.release() return rc __enter__ = acquire def release(self): self.__cond.acquire() self.__value = self.__value + 1 if __debug__: self._note("%s.release: success, value=%s", self, self.__value) self.__cond.notify() self.__cond.release() def __exit__(self, t, v, tb): self.release() def BoundedSemaphore(*args, **kwargs): return _BoundedSemaphore(*args, **kwargs) class _BoundedSemaphore(_Semaphore): """Semaphore that checks that # releases is <= # acquires""" def __init__(self, value=1, verbose=None): _Semaphore.__init__(self, value, verbose) self._initial_value = value def release(self): if self._Semaphore__value >= self._initial_value: raise ValueError, "Semaphore released too many times" return _Semaphore.release(self) def Event(*args, **kwargs): return _Event(*args, **kwargs) class _Event(_Verbose): # After Tim Peters' event class (without is_posted()) def __init__(self, verbose=None): _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose) self.__cond = Condition(Lock()) self.__flag = False def isSet(self): return self.__flag def set(self): self.__cond.acquire() try: self.__flag = True self.__cond.notifyAll() finally: self.__cond.release() def clear(self): self.__cond.acquire() try: self.__flag = False finally: self.__cond.release() def wait(self, timeout=None): self.__cond.acquire() try: if not self.__flag: self.__cond.wait(timeout) finally: self.__cond.release() # Helper to generate new thread names _counter = 0 def _newname(template="Thread-%d"): global _counter _counter = _counter + 1 return template % _counter # Active thread administration _active_limbo_lock = _allocate_lock() _active = {} # maps thread id to Thread object _limbo = {} # Main class for threads class Thread(_Verbose): __initialized = False # Need to store a reference to sys.exc_info for printing # out exceptions when a thread tries to use a global var. during interp. # shutdown and thus raises an exception about trying to perform some # operation on/with a NoneType __exc_info = _sys.exc_info def __init__(self, group=None, target=None, name=None, args=(), kwargs=None, verbose=None): assert group is None, "group argument must be None for now" _Verbose.__init__(self, verbose) if kwargs is None: kwargs = {} self.__target = target self.__name = str(name or _newname()) self.__args = args self.__kwargs = kwargs self.__daemonic = self._set_daemon() self.__started = False self.__stopped = False self.__block = Condition(Lock()) self.__initialized = True # sys.stderr is not stored in the class like # sys.exc_info since it can be changed between instances self.__stderr = _sys.stderr def _set_daemon(self): # Overridden in _MainThread and _DummyThread return currentThread().isDaemon() def __repr__(self): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() was not called" status = "initial" if self.__started: status = "started" if self.__stopped: status = "stopped" if self.__daemonic: status = status + " daemon" return "<%s(%s, %s)>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.__name, status) def start(self): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" assert not self.__started, "thread already started" if __debug__: self._note("%s.start(): starting thread", self) _active_limbo_lock.acquire() _limbo[self] = self _active_limbo_lock.release() _start_new_thread(self.__bootstrap, ()) self.__started = True _sleep(0.000001) # 1 usec, to let the thread run (Solaris hack) def run(self): if self.__target: self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs) def __bootstrap(self): try: self.__started = True _active_limbo_lock.acquire() _active[_get_ident()] = self del _limbo[self] _active_limbo_lock.release() if __debug__: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): thread started", self) if _trace_hook: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): registering trace hook", self) _sys.settrace(_trace_hook) if _profile_hook: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): registering profile hook", self) _sys.setprofile(_profile_hook) try: self.run() except SystemExit: if __debug__: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): raised SystemExit", self) except: if __debug__: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): unhandled exception", self) # If sys.stderr is no more (most likely from interpreter # shutdown) use self.__stderr. Otherwise still use sys (as in # _sys) in case sys.stderr was redefined since the creation of # self. if _sys: _sys.stderr.write("Exception in thread %s:\n%s\n" % (self.getName(), _format_exc())) else: # Do the best job possible w/o a huge amt. of code to # approximate a traceback (code ideas from # Lib/traceback.py) exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb = self.__exc_info() try: print>>self.__stderr, ( "Exception in thread " + self.getName() + " (most likely raised during interpreter shutdown):") print>>self.__stderr, ( "Traceback (most recent call last):") while exc_tb: print>>self.__stderr, ( ' File "%s", line %s, in %s' % (exc_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename, exc_tb.tb_lineno, exc_tb.tb_frame.f_code.co_name)) exc_tb = exc_tb.tb_next print>>self.__stderr, ("%s: %s" % (exc_type, exc_value)) # Make sure that exc_tb gets deleted since it is a memory # hog; deleting everything else is just for thoroughness finally: del exc_type, exc_value, exc_tb else: if __debug__: self._note("%s.__bootstrap(): normal return", self) finally: self.__stop() try: self.__delete() except: pass def __stop(self): self.__block.acquire() self.__stopped = True self.__block.notifyAll() self.__block.release() def __delete(self): "Remove current thread from the dict of currently running threads." # Notes about running with dummy_thread: # # Must take care to not raise an exception if dummy_thread is being # used (and thus this module is being used as an instance of # dummy_threading). dummy_thread.get_ident() always returns -1 since # there is only one thread if dummy_thread is being used. Thus # len(_active) is always <= 1 here, and any Thread instance created # overwrites the (if any) thread currently registered in _active. # # An instance of _MainThread is always created by 'threading'. This # gets overwritten the instant an instance of Thread is created; both # threads return -1 from dummy_thread.get_ident() and thus have the # same key in the dict. So when the _MainThread instance created by # 'threading' tries to clean itself up when atexit calls this method # it gets a KeyError if another Thread instance was created. # # This all means that KeyError from trying to delete something from # _active if dummy_threading is being used is a red herring. But # since it isn't if dummy_threading is *not* being used then don't # hide the exception. _active_limbo_lock.acquire() try: try: del _active[_get_ident()] except KeyError: if 'dummy_threading' not in _sys.modules: raise finally: _active_limbo_lock.release() def join(self, timeout=None): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" assert self.__started, "cannot join thread before it is started" assert self is not currentThread(), "cannot join current thread" if __debug__: if not self.__stopped: self._note("%s.join(): waiting until thread stops", self) self.__block.acquire() try: if timeout is None: while not self.__stopped: self.__block.wait() if __debug__: self._note("%s.join(): thread stopped", self) else: deadline = _time() + timeout while not self.__stopped: delay = deadline - _time() if delay <= 0: if __debug__: self._note("%s.join(): timed out", self) break self.__block.wait(delay) else: if __debug__: self._note("%s.join(): thread stopped", self) finally: self.__block.release() def getName(self): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" return self.__name def setName(self, name): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" self.__name = str(name) def isAlive(self): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" return self.__started and not self.__stopped def isDaemon(self): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" return self.__daemonic def setDaemon(self, daemonic): assert self.__initialized, "Thread.__init__() not called" assert not self.__started, "cannot set daemon status of active thread" self.__daemonic = daemonic # The timer class was contributed by Itamar Shtull-Trauring def Timer(*args, **kwargs): return _Timer(*args, **kwargs) class _Timer(Thread): """Call a function after a specified number of seconds: t = Timer(30.0, f, args=[], kwargs={}) t.start() t.cancel() # stop the timer's action if it's still waiting """ def __init__(self, interval, function, args=[], kwargs={}): Thread.__init__(self) self.interval = interval self.function = function self.args = args self.kwargs = kwargs self.finished = Event() def cancel(self): """Stop the timer if it hasn't finished yet""" self.finished.set() def run(self): self.finished.wait(self.interval) if not self.finished.isSet(): self.function(*self.args, **self.kwargs) self.finished.set() # Special thread class to represent the main thread # This is garbage collected through an exit handler class _MainThread(Thread): def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self, name="MainThread") self._Thread__started = True _active_limbo_lock.acquire() _active[_get_ident()] = self _active_limbo_lock.release() import atexit atexit.register(self.__exitfunc) def _set_daemon(self): return False def __exitfunc(self): self._Thread__stop() t = _pickSomeNonDaemonThread() if t: if __debug__: self._note("%s: waiting for other threads", self) while t: t.join() t = _pickSomeNonDaemonThread() if __debug__: self._note("%s: exiting", self) self._Thread__delete() def _pickSomeNonDaemonThread(): for t in enumerate(): if not t.isDaemon() and t.isAlive(): return t return None # Dummy thread class to represent threads not started here. # These aren't garbage collected when they die, nor can they be waited for. # If they invoke anything in threading.py that calls currentThread(), they # leave an entry in the _active dict forever after. # Their purpose is to return *something* from currentThread(). # They are marked as daemon threads so we won't wait for them # when we exit (conform previous semantics). class _DummyThread(Thread): def __init__(self): Thread.__init__(self, name=_newname("Dummy-%d")) # Thread.__block consumes an OS-level locking primitive, which # can never be used by a _DummyThread. Since a _DummyThread # instance is immortal, that's bad, so release this resource. del self._Thread__block self._Thread__started = True _active_limbo_lock.acquire() _active[_get_ident()] = self _active_limbo_lock.release() def _set_daemon(self): return True def join(self, timeout=None): assert False, "cannot join a dummy thread" # Global API functions def currentThread(): try: return _active[_get_ident()] except KeyError: ##print "currentThread(): no current thread for", _get_ident() return _DummyThread() def activeCount(): _active_limbo_lock.acquire() count = len(_active) + len(_limbo) _active_limbo_lock.release() return count def enumerate(): _active_limbo_lock.acquire() active = _active.values() + _limbo.values() _active_limbo_lock.release() return active from thread import stack_size # Create the main thread object _MainThread() class ReverseSemaphore(object): """A reversed semaphore that allows a theoretical infinite number of threads to acquire and release, and also provides waiting on that condition A Reverse Semaphore is the opposite of a Semaphore object. Rather than allowing a finite number of threads to lock the semaphore, it allows an infinite number to access the semaphore, with a reverse condition. A thread can request to be blocked until the semaphore count reaches zero. On it's own, it's not a particularly usefull object, however cute and adorable it may be, however it is a useful building block to creating more complicated concurrency control objects like ReadWriteLock. For an example, please have a look at the source for ReadWriteLock. """ def __init__(self): self.counter = 0 self.lock = Lock() self.event = Event() self.event.set() pass def acquire(self): with self.lock: self.counter += 1 self.event.clear() pass pass def release(self): with self.lock: self.counter -= 1 if self.counter == 0: self.event.set() if self.counter < 0: self.counter = 0 pass pass pass def wait(self): return self.event.wait() pass def __enter__(self): self.acquire() pass def __exit__ (self, type, value, tb): self.release() pass pass class _ReadLock(object): def __init__(self, rwlock): self.rwlock = rwlock def __enter__(self): self.acquire() def __exit__(self): self.release() def acquire(self): self.rwlock._read_acquire() def release(self): self.rwlock._read_release() class _WriteLock(object): def __init__(self, rwlock): self.rwlock = rwlock def __enter__(self): self.acquire() def __exit__(self): self.release() def acquire(self): self.rwlock._write_acquire() def release(self): self.rwlock._write_release() class ReadWriteLock(object): """A locking object that allows multiple concurrent reads with serialized writes ReadWriteLock provides two factory functions to create locking that link back to this ReadWriteLock, that can provide locks for concurrent reads, or serial locks. There is only one quality of service guarantee. When a thread requests a write lock, it blocks until all the read threads release their locks. In that time, no new read blocks are allowed; rather they block until the write thread releases the lock. No other claims are made about fairness nor is there a way to ensure that all read threads eventually exit and release their locks. """ def __init__(self): self.write_lock = Lock() self.read_lock = ReverseSemaphore() self.write_event = Event() self.write_event.set() pass def read_lock(self): return _ReadLock(self) def write_lock(self): return _WriteLock(self) def _read_acquire(self): self.write_event.wait() self.read_lock.acquire() pass def _read_release(self): self.read_lock.release() pass def _write_acquire(self): self.write_lock.acquire() self.write_event.clear() self.read_lock.wait() pass def _write_release(self): self.write_event.set() self.write_lock.release() pass pass # get thread-local implementation, either from the thread # module, or from the python fallback try: from thread import _local as local except ImportError: from _threading_local import local # Self-test code def _test(): class BoundedQueue(_Verbose): def __init__(self, limit): _Verbose.__init__(self) self.mon = RLock() self.rc = Condition(self.mon) self.wc = Condition(self.mon) self.limit = limit self.queue = deque() def put(self, item): self.mon.acquire() while len(self.queue) >= self.limit: self._note("put(%s): queue full", item) self.wc.wait() self.queue.append(item) self._note("put(%s): appended, length now %d", item, len(self.queue)) self.rc.notify() self.mon.release() def get(self): self.mon.acquire() while not self.queue: self._note("get(): queue empty") self.rc.wait() item = self.queue.popleft() self._note("get(): got %s, %d left", item, len(self.queue)) self.wc.notify() self.mon.release() return item class ProducerThread(Thread): def __init__(self, queue, quota): Thread.__init__(self, name="Producer") self.queue = queue self.quota = quota def run(self): from random import random counter = 0 while counter < self.quota: counter = counter + 1 self.queue.put("%s.%d" % (self.getName(), counter)) _sleep(random() * 0.00001) class ConsumerThread(Thread): def __init__(self, queue, count): Thread.__init__(self, name="Consumer") self.queue = queue self.count = count def run(self): while self.count > 0: item = self.queue.get() print item self.count = self.count - 1 NP = 3 QL = 4 NI = 5 Q = BoundedQueue(QL) P = [] for i in range(NP): t = ProducerThread(Q, NI) t.setName("Producer-%d" % (i+1)) P.append(t) C = ConsumerThread(Q, NI*NP) for t in P: t.start() _sleep(0.000001) C.start() for t in P: t.join() C.join() if __name__ == '__main__': _test()