diff -r e281a57d5b29 Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
--- a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst	Tue Apr 19 08:53:14 2016 +0200
+++ b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst	Thu Apr 21 10:52:52 2016 +0200
@@ -166,6 +166,8 @@
    in a case insensitive approach, for all operating systems first, and when it
    cannot find it, looks for proxy information from Mac OSX System
    Configuration for Mac OS X and Windows Systems Registry for Windows.
+   If both lowercase and uppercase environment variables exist (and disagree),
+   lowercase is preferred.
 
 
 The following classes are provided:
diff -r e281a57d5b29 Lib/test/test_urllib.py
--- a/Lib/test/test_urllib.py	Tue Apr 19 08:53:14 2016 +0200
+++ b/Lib/test/test_urllib.py	Thu Apr 21 10:52:52 2016 +0200
@@ -229,6 +229,27 @@
         self.env.set('NO_PROXY', 'localhost, anotherdomain.com, newdomain.com')
         self.assertTrue(urllib.request.proxy_bypass_environment('anotherdomain.com'))
 
+class ProxyTests_withOrderedEnv(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        # we need to test conditions, where variable order is significant
+        self._environ = os.environ
+        # monkey patch os.environ
+        os.environ = self.env = collections.OrderedDict()
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # Restore all proxy related env vars
+        os.environ = self._environ
+
+    def test_getproxies_environment_prefer_lowercase(self):
+        os.environ['http_proxy'] = ''
+        os.environ['HTTP_PROXY'] = 'http://somewhere:3128'
+        proxies = urllib.request.getproxies_environment()
+        print(os.environ)
+        print(proxies)
+        self.assertEqual('', proxies['http'])
+
+
 class urlopen_HttpTests(unittest.TestCase, FakeHTTPMixin, FakeFTPMixin):
     """Test urlopen() opening a fake http connection."""
 
diff -r e281a57d5b29 Lib/urllib/request.py
--- a/Lib/urllib/request.py	Tue Apr 19 08:53:14 2016 +0200
+++ b/Lib/urllib/request.py	Thu Apr 21 10:52:52 2016 +0200
@@ -2455,19 +2455,33 @@
 
     """
     proxies = {}
+    # in order to prefer lowercase variables, process environment in
+    # two passes: first matches any, second pass matches lowercase only
     for name, value in os.environ.items():
         name = name.lower()
         if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy':
             proxies[name[:-6]] = value
+    for name, value in os.environ.items():
+        if name[-6:] == '_proxy':
+            name = name.lower()
+            if value:
+                proxies[name[:-6]] = value
+            else:
+                proxies.pop(name[:-6], None)
     return proxies
 
-def proxy_bypass_environment(host):
+def proxy_bypass_environment(host, proxies):
     """Test if proxies should not be used for a particular host.
 
-    Checks the environment for a variable named no_proxy, which should
-    be a list of DNS suffixes separated by commas, or '*' for all hosts.
+    Checks the proxy dict for the value of no_proxy, which should
+    be a list of comma separated DNS suffixes, or '*' for all hosts.
+
     """
-    no_proxy = os.environ.get('no_proxy', '') or os.environ.get('NO_PROXY', '')
+    # don't bypass, if no_proxy isn't specified
+    try:
+        no_proxy = proxies['no']
+    except AttributeError:
+        return 0
     # '*' is special case for always bypass
     if no_proxy == '*':
         return 1
@@ -2562,8 +2576,15 @@
 
 
     def proxy_bypass(host):
-        if getproxies_environment():
-            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
+        """Return True, if host should be bypassed.
+
+        Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
+        or from the MacOSX framework SystemConfiguration.
+
+        """
+        proxies = getproxies_environment()
+        if proxies:
+            return proxy_bypass_environment(host, proxies)
         else:
             return proxy_bypass_macosx_sysconf(host)
 
@@ -2677,14 +2698,15 @@
         return 0
 
     def proxy_bypass(host):
-        """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.
-
-        Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
+        """Return True, if host should be bypassed.
+
+        Checks proxy settings gathered from the environment, if specified,
         or the registry.
 
         """
-        if getproxies_environment():
-            return proxy_bypass_environment(host)
+        proxies = getproxies_environment()
+        if proxies:
+            return proxy_bypass_environment(host, proxies)
         else:
             return proxy_bypass_registry(host)