diff -r f6a89f6cadd0 Include/longintrepr.h
--- a/Include/longintrepr.h	Fri Feb 05 18:26:20 2016 -0500
+++ b/Include/longintrepr.h	Sat Feb 06 02:43:45 2016 +0100
@@ -96,6 +96,13 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(PyLongObject *) _PyLong_New(P
 /* Return a copy of src. */
 PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyLong_Copy(PyLongObject *src);
 
+/* convert a PyLong of size 1, 0 or -1 to an sdigit */
+#define PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(x)                                        \
+    (assert(-1 <= Py_SIZE(x) && Py_SIZE(x) <= 1),                     \
+     Py_SIZE(x) < 0 ? -(sdigit)((PyLongObject*)(x))->ob_digit[0] :    \
+        (Py_SIZE(x) == 0 ? (sdigit)0 :                                \
+            (sdigit)((PyLongObject*)(x))->ob_digit[0]))
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff -r f6a89f6cadd0 Objects/longobject.c
--- a/Objects/longobject.c	Fri Feb 05 18:26:20 2016 -0500
+++ b/Objects/longobject.c	Sat Feb 06 02:43:45 2016 +0100
@@ -16,11 +16,7 @@
 #define NSMALLNEGINTS           5
 #endif
 
-/* convert a PyLong of size 1, 0 or -1 to an sdigit */
-#define MEDIUM_VALUE(x) (assert(-1 <= Py_SIZE(x) && Py_SIZE(x) <= 1),   \
-         Py_SIZE(x) < 0 ? -(sdigit)(x)->ob_digit[0] :   \
-             (Py_SIZE(x) == 0 ? (sdigit)0 :                             \
-              (sdigit)(x)->ob_digit[0]))
+#define MEDIUM_VALUE(x) PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(x)
 
 #if NSMALLNEGINTS + NSMALLPOSINTS > 0
 /* Small integers are preallocated in this array so that they
diff -r f6a89f6cadd0 Python/ceval.c
--- a/Python/ceval.c	Fri Feb 05 18:26:20 2016 -0500
+++ b/Python/ceval.c	Sat Feb 06 02:43:45 2016 +0100
@@ -1560,7 +1560,14 @@ PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int
             PyObject *right = POP();
             PyObject *left = TOP();
             PyObject *sum;
-            if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) &&
+            if (PyLong_CheckExact(left) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(left)) <= 1
+                && PyLong_CheckExact(right) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(right)) <= 1)
+            {
+                sum = PyLong_FromLong(PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(left)
+                                      + PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(right));
+                Py_DECREF(left);
+            }
+            else if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) &&
                      PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)) {
                 sum = unicode_concatenate(left, right, f, next_instr);
                 /* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to v */
@@ -1579,7 +1586,16 @@ PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int
         TARGET(BINARY_SUBTRACT) {
             PyObject *right = POP();
             PyObject *left = TOP();
-            PyObject *diff = PyNumber_Subtract(left, right);
+            PyObject *diff;
+            if (PyLong_CheckExact(left) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(left)) <= 1
+                && PyLong_CheckExact(right) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(right)) <= 1)
+            {
+                diff = PyLong_FromLong(PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(left)
+                                       - PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(right));
+            }
+            else {
+                diff = PyNumber_Subtract(left, right);
+            }
             Py_DECREF(right);
             Py_DECREF(left);
             SET_TOP(diff);
@@ -1591,7 +1607,23 @@ PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int
         TARGET(BINARY_SUBSCR) {
             PyObject *sub = POP();
             PyObject *container = TOP();
-            PyObject *res = PyObject_GetItem(container, sub);
+            int slow_path = 1;
+            PyObject *res;
+
+            if (PyList_CheckExact(container) && PyLong_CheckExact(sub)) {
+                /* INLINE: list[int] */
+                Py_ssize_t i = PyLong_AsSsize_t(sub);
+                if (i < 0)
+                    i += PyList_GET_SIZE(container);
+                if (i >= 0 && i < PyList_GET_SIZE(container)) {
+                    res = PyList_GET_ITEM(container, i);
+                    Py_INCREF(res);
+                    slow_path = 0;
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (slow_path)
+                res = PyObject_GetItem(container, sub);
             Py_DECREF(container);
             Py_DECREF(sub);
             SET_TOP(res);
@@ -1760,7 +1792,14 @@ PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int
             PyObject *right = POP();
             PyObject *left = TOP();
             PyObject *sum;
-            if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) && PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)) {
+            if (PyLong_CheckExact(left) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(left)) <= 1
+                && PyLong_CheckExact(right) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(right)) <= 1)
+            {
+                sum = PyLong_FromLong(PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(left)
+                                      + PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(right));
+                Py_DECREF(left);
+            }
+            else if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(left) && PyUnicode_CheckExact(right)) {
                 sum = unicode_concatenate(left, right, f, next_instr);
                 /* unicode_concatenate consumed the ref to v */
             }
@@ -1778,7 +1817,16 @@ PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int
         TARGET(INPLACE_SUBTRACT) {
             PyObject *right = POP();
             PyObject *left = TOP();
-            PyObject *diff = PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(left, right);
+            PyObject *diff;
+            if (PyLong_CheckExact(left) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(left)) <= 1
+                && PyLong_CheckExact(right) && Py_ABS(Py_SIZE(right)) <= 1)
+            {
+                diff = PyLong_FromLong(PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(left)
+                                       - PYLONG_MEDIUM_VALUE(right));
+            }
+            else {
+                diff = PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(left, right);
+            }
             Py_DECREF(left);
             Py_DECREF(right);
             SET_TOP(diff);